O' Sullivan et al said that a stereotype is a label that involves a process of categorisation and evaluation.
Stereotypes are short-hand ways of representing categorisations in media texts.
Walter Lippman came up with the term stereotype in order to easily identify the ideological differences between different things/people.
Richard Dyer says that stereotypes are produced by different social groups in order to find out who belongs and who doesn't
Tessa Perkins said that stereotyping is assumed to be the truth when they aren't always.
They aren't always negative
They aren't always about minorities
They aren't always false
They aren't always rigid and unchanged.
Representations in media texts are often simplistic and reinforce dominant ideologies so that audiences can make sense of them.
Use simplistic examples to show my understanding and complex
Apply the concept of representation to one of your coursework productions
My video content - we censor most curse words that give the impression that we're suitable for everybody but by leaving some swears in we poke fun at the idea of censorship.
High energy commentators - represented as energised, loud, positive and ill-mannered yet likeable.
Thumbnail with logo design - Representing the channel as if its as important as the main character, like we complete the experience
The poster - it has several different games of varying genres on it which represents that the website is diverse, they are also enclosed in circles which is meant to represent unity, as in "you can find all of your favourites here"
Friday, 24 March 2017
Friday, 17 March 2017
The Male Gaze
Laura Mulvey
she believes that female characters in films are simple objects to be enjoyed by male viewers. They are used to satisfy the male viewers, the male gaze. Women are to be looked art by men.
Scopophilia is the pleasure gained from viewing something.
Cinema provides a form of voyeurism.
Bechtel Test
1. 2+ female characters
2. Do they converse with each other
3. Do they talk about the male lead character.
3 Looks:
The camera looking to record the film
The audience looking to view the film
The look of the characters in the film
The theory suggests the audiences respond to films in the same way.
Ignores the female gaze
Kathleen Rowe suggests that being the object of the gaze is a position of power.
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In music videos; women are figuratively cut up to show off parts of her body.
Richard Dyer when talking generally about media representation said:
What sense of the world does it make?
What's the implication?
Who is it speaking for/to?
What does it represent and why?
Nothing represented to us is real
Representation is the how the media tells the audience about society. This is through mediation/re-representation
For representation to be meaningful there needs to be a shared opinion of society.
Marxism - The medias role is seen as the circulation and reinforcement of dominant ideologies.
David Gauntlett - "Identities aren't given, they're constructed and negotiated", Identity is complicated. Everybody thinks they have one. Artists play with the idea of identity in modern society."
Am I challenging or enforcing dominant ideologies?
Feminism - Masculinity and Femininity are constructed by society.
O' Sullivan et al said that "Ideas about gender are produced and reflected in language."
Jib Fowle argues that; "in advertisement males gaze and females are gazed at"
Paul Messaris argues that "female models addressed to women appear to imply a male point of view"
In the media there seems to be some sort of value to sexualization in advertisement where expensive items can have sexually suggestive advertising but cheap items offend female viewers.
Post-modernism - the breakdown of barriers.
I can come between high and low arts, Organic or artificial things or males and females.
Jean Baudrillard argues that society relies so much on representations that we have ;lost our connection with whats real, Theres no distinction between whats real and the representations of what's real, there is only simulacrum.
A simulacrum is a copy that is now more realistic than the original thing its copying.
Creating a simulacrum: Start with the real object
It becomes a representation
The representation becomes more important and real than the original object, this is hyperrealism.
This means the original has been fundamentally destroyed with everything becoming a copy.
Future representations are simply copies of the first copy.
Baudrillard has a problem with representation; it implies there was an original in the first place, but from his point of view, how does one represent something that doesn't exist?
I say, you copy the copy.
she believes that female characters in films are simple objects to be enjoyed by male viewers. They are used to satisfy the male viewers, the male gaze. Women are to be looked art by men.
Scopophilia is the pleasure gained from viewing something.
Cinema provides a form of voyeurism.
Bechtel Test
1. 2+ female characters
2. Do they converse with each other
3. Do they talk about the male lead character.
3 Looks:
The camera looking to record the film
The audience looking to view the film
The look of the characters in the film
The theory suggests the audiences respond to films in the same way.
Ignores the female gaze
Kathleen Rowe suggests that being the object of the gaze is a position of power.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
In music videos; women are figuratively cut up to show off parts of her body.
Richard Dyer when talking generally about media representation said:
What sense of the world does it make?
What's the implication?
Who is it speaking for/to?
What does it represent and why?
Nothing represented to us is real
Representation is the how the media tells the audience about society. This is through mediation/re-representation
For representation to be meaningful there needs to be a shared opinion of society.
Marxism - The medias role is seen as the circulation and reinforcement of dominant ideologies.
David Gauntlett - "Identities aren't given, they're constructed and negotiated", Identity is complicated. Everybody thinks they have one. Artists play with the idea of identity in modern society."
Am I challenging or enforcing dominant ideologies?
Feminism - Masculinity and Femininity are constructed by society.
O' Sullivan et al said that "Ideas about gender are produced and reflected in language."
Jib Fowle argues that; "in advertisement males gaze and females are gazed at"
Paul Messaris argues that "female models addressed to women appear to imply a male point of view"
In the media there seems to be some sort of value to sexualization in advertisement where expensive items can have sexually suggestive advertising but cheap items offend female viewers.
Post-modernism - the breakdown of barriers.
I can come between high and low arts, Organic or artificial things or males and females.
Jean Baudrillard argues that society relies so much on representations that we have ;lost our connection with whats real, Theres no distinction between whats real and the representations of what's real, there is only simulacrum.
A simulacrum is a copy that is now more realistic than the original thing its copying.
Creating a simulacrum: Start with the real object
It becomes a representation
The representation becomes more important and real than the original object, this is hyperrealism.
This means the original has been fundamentally destroyed with everything becoming a copy.
Future representations are simply copies of the first copy.
Baudrillard has a problem with representation; it implies there was an original in the first place, but from his point of view, how does one represent something that doesn't exist?
I say, you copy the copy.
Friday, 10 March 2017
Media Language Theory
How you are communicating meanings to the audience.
Preface - How meanings in media texts are created.
Ferdinand de Saussure - the signifier and signified
The signifier is what is there to provide the meanings, signified is referring to what we associate with the signifier. For example the colour green is the signifier and to a driver it signifies that they should go.
Iconic signs are signs that look like what they mean, an obvious sign.
Indexical signs are signs that have a connection to something else, for example smoke means fire was there.
Symbolic signs are signs that have disconnected meanings where they don't have a logical connection to what they mean. For example the love heart means love but real hearts aren't loving at all. metaphorical signs.
Roland Barthes - denotations and connotations
A denotation is something that is in the media text, an object in the world of the text. Connotations are the meanings he audience tale away from that object.
Connotations are different from the signifier and signified because the signified is a singular meaning, but connotations have multiple possible meanings.
Stuart Hall - encoding and decoding
Media texts have intended messages for the audience to pick up on, the messages themselves are encoded by the author or maker, etc, the meanings are then decoded by the audience.
This theory is more about personal values rather than literal signs and meanings.
Preferred meaning is when the audience gets the intended meanings from the text
Negotiated meanings are when the audience is partly accepted
Oppositional readings are when the meanings are completely rejected.
Chekov's Gun
Polysemy - When something has many possible meanings
Juxtaposition - contrasting meanings, for example a gift is a good thing but a bomb is inside which is bad.
Anchorage - to hold meanings to something, for example if headlines and captions anchor meanings to things, like if lady gaga were to appear on a gaming website; people would be intrigued and then see the headline that justifies her presence on the website.
Explain how meaning is constructed by the use of media language in one of your coursework productions.
Introduction: Use the language in the question to rephrase it and define your points.
1st paragraph: Mention a theorist and define the theory, apply it to something and be specific. Why does it apply? What was the effect on the audience.
Preface - How meanings in media texts are created.
Ferdinand de Saussure - the signifier and signified
The signifier is what is there to provide the meanings, signified is referring to what we associate with the signifier. For example the colour green is the signifier and to a driver it signifies that they should go.
Iconic signs are signs that look like what they mean, an obvious sign.
Indexical signs are signs that have a connection to something else, for example smoke means fire was there.
Symbolic signs are signs that have disconnected meanings where they don't have a logical connection to what they mean. For example the love heart means love but real hearts aren't loving at all. metaphorical signs.
Roland Barthes - denotations and connotations
A denotation is something that is in the media text, an object in the world of the text. Connotations are the meanings he audience tale away from that object.
Connotations are different from the signifier and signified because the signified is a singular meaning, but connotations have multiple possible meanings.
Stuart Hall - encoding and decoding
Media texts have intended messages for the audience to pick up on, the messages themselves are encoded by the author or maker, etc, the meanings are then decoded by the audience.
This theory is more about personal values rather than literal signs and meanings.
Preferred meaning is when the audience gets the intended meanings from the text
Negotiated meanings are when the audience is partly accepted
Oppositional readings are when the meanings are completely rejected.
Chekov's Gun
Polysemy - When something has many possible meanings
Juxtaposition - contrasting meanings, for example a gift is a good thing but a bomb is inside which is bad.
Anchorage - to hold meanings to something, for example if headlines and captions anchor meanings to things, like if lady gaga were to appear on a gaming website; people would be intrigued and then see the headline that justifies her presence on the website.
Explain how meaning is constructed by the use of media language in one of your coursework productions.
Introduction: Use the language in the question to rephrase it and define your points.
1st paragraph: Mention a theorist and define the theory, apply it to something and be specific. Why does it apply? What was the effect on the audience.
Genre Revision
Find quotes on Genre Theory
Steve Neal:
'Genre is a repetition with an underlying pattern of variations' or more simply referred to as repetition with variety, he is essentially saying that genres are a set of rules that can be used repeatedly but with some differences to make it original.
Steve argues that 'pleasure is derived from repetition and difference', which means doing something you like time and time again will keep you happy as long as you are doing that good thing and having different events occur, making it a new experience.
Daniel Chandler:
Genre is defined by the conventions that various texts share that are considered as the same "genre".
John Hartley:
The same text can be part of several genres. This is supported by the existence of sub-genres and/or hybrid genres.
David Buckingham:
'Genre isn't simply given by the culture; its more like a constant process of negotiation and change.' This is David basically saying that genre is something that isn't set by a culture, its used as a base with room for compromise.
This is supported by Tom Ryall's quote that states; 'Genre provides a framework of structuring rules, in the shape of patterns which act as a form of "supervision" over the work of production of filmmakers and the wok of reading by the audience.'
Make a table on how these things apply yo my products.
Steve Neal:
'Genre is a repetition with an underlying pattern of variations' or more simply referred to as repetition with variety, he is essentially saying that genres are a set of rules that can be used repeatedly but with some differences to make it original.
Steve argues that 'pleasure is derived from repetition and difference', which means doing something you like time and time again will keep you happy as long as you are doing that good thing and having different events occur, making it a new experience.
Daniel Chandler:
Genre is defined by the conventions that various texts share that are considered as the same "genre".
John Hartley:
The same text can be part of several genres. This is supported by the existence of sub-genres and/or hybrid genres.
David Buckingham:
'Genre isn't simply given by the culture; its more like a constant process of negotiation and change.' This is David basically saying that genre is something that isn't set by a culture, its used as a base with room for compromise.
This is supported by Tom Ryall's quote that states; 'Genre provides a framework of structuring rules, in the shape of patterns which act as a form of "supervision" over the work of production of filmmakers and the wok of reading by the audience.'
Make a table on how these things apply yo my products.
Friday, 3 March 2017
Genre Theory
The Battlefield 1 trailers genre:
It shows off some of the gameplay which is very action oriented gameplay as its a first person perspective firing weapons amidst the explosions.
The sound design was full of explosions and yells from the characters in the game, shouting about how they may get themselves killed or giving moral cries to attack
The mise en scene of the trailer was typical action as they feature a bunch of world war 1/2 esc soldiers fighting for there lives, the colours used are mostly dark for the backgrounds and metals of the armour and guns, which are offset by the bright flashes of the explosives, fires, sparks and so on.
The camera work is very shaky like in most video based action media and the editing is very fast paced.
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